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| Nibbàna Sermon 21 | |
| by Bhikkhu K. Ñänananda | |
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Nibbana
Sermons Part 1 - 7
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| Nibbàna Sermon 08 |
Nibbàna Sermon 17
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Nibbàna
Sermon 21
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Namo tassa bhagavato arahato
sammàsambuddhassa Etaü santaü, etaü paõãtaü, yadidaü sabbasaïkhàrasamatho sabbåpadhipañinissaggo taõhakkhayo viràgo nirodho nibbànaü.1 "This is peaceful, this is excellent, namely the stilling of all prepa-rations, the relinquishment of all assets, the destruction of craving, detachment, cessation, extinction." With the permission of the Most Venerable Great Preceptor and the assembly of the venerable meditative monks. This is the twenty-first sermon in the series of sermons on Nibbàna. The other day we discussed, to some extent, the ten questions known as the "ten indeterminate points", dasa avyàkatavatthåni, which the Buddha laid aside, refusing to give a categorical answer as "yes" or "no". We pointed out, that the reason why he refused to answer them was the fact that they were founded on some wrong views, some wrong assumptions. To give categorical answers to such questions would amount to an assertion of those views. So he refrained from giving clear-cut answers to any of those questions. Already from our last sermon, it should be clear, to some extent, how the eternalist and annihilationist views peep through them. The tetralemma on the after-death state of the Tathàgata, which is directly relevant to our theme, also presupposes the validity of those two extreme views. Had the Buddha given a categorical answer, he too would be committing himself to the presumptions underlying them. The middle path he promulgated to the world is one that transcended both those extremes. It is not a piecemeal compromise between them. He could have presented a half-way solution by taking up one or the other of the last two standpoints, namely "the Tathàgata both exists and does not exist after death", or "the Tathàgata neither exists nor does not exist after death". But instead of stooping to that position, he rejected the questionnaire in toto. On the other hand, he brought in a completely new mode of analysis, illustrative of the law of dependent arising underlying the doctrine of the four noble truths, in order to expose the fallacy of those questions. The other day we happened to mention the conclusive answer given by the Buddha to the question raised by the wandering ascetic Vacchagotta in the Aggivacchagottasutta of the Majjhima Nikàya, concerning the after death state of the Tathàgata. But we had no time to discuss it at length. Therefore let us take it up again. When the wandering ascetic Vacchagotta had granted the incongruity of any statement to the effect that the extinguished fire has gone in such and such a direction, and the fact that the term Nibbàna is only a reckoning or a turn of speech, the Buddha follows it up with the conclusion: Evameva kho, Vaccha, yena råpena tathàgataü pa¤¤àpayamàno pa¤¤àpeyya, taü råpaü tathàgatassa pahãnaü ucchinnamålaü tàlàvat-thukataü anabhàvakataü àyatiü anuppàdadhammaü. Råpasaïkhà-vimutto kho, Vaccha, tathàgato, gambhãro appameyyo duppariyogàho, seyyathàpi mahàsamuddo. Uppajjatã'ti na upeti, na uppajjatã'ti na upeti, uppajjati ca na ca uppajjatã'ti na upeti, neva uppajjati na na uppajjatã'ti na upeti.2 "Even so, Vaccha, that form by which one designating the Tathàgata might designate him, that has been abandoned by him, cut off at the root, made like an uprooted palm tree, made non-existent and incapable of arising again. The Tathàgata is free from reckoning in terms of form, Vaccha, he is deep, immeasurable and hard to fathom, like the great ocean. To say that he is reborn falls short of a reply, to say that he is not re-born falls short of a reply, to say that he is both reborn and is not reborn falls short of a reply, to say that he is neither reborn nor is not reborn falls short of a reply." As in the case of the aggregate of form, so also with regard to the aggregates of feeling, perception, preparations and consciousness, that is to say, in regard to all the five aggregates of grasping, the Buddha made this particular declaration. From this it is clear, that in this dispensation the Tathàgata cannot be reckoned in terms of any one of the five aggregates. The similes reveal to us the state of the Tathàgata - the simile of the uprooted tree, for instance. On seeing a palm tree uprooted, but somehow left standing, one would mistake it for a growing palm tree. The worldling has a similar notion of the Tathàgata. This simile of the tree reminds us of the Isidattatheragàthà, which has an allusion to it.
On reaching arahant-hood, one finds oneself in this strange situation. The occurrence of the word saïkhà in this connection is particularly significant. This word came up in our discussion of the term papa¤ca in the contexts papa¤casaïkhà and papa¤casa¤¤àsaïkhà4. There we had much to say about the word. It is synonymous with sama¤¤à, "appellation", and pa¤¤atti, "designation". Reckoning, appellation and designation are synonymous to a great extent. So the concluding statement of the Buddha, already quoted, makes it clear that the Tathàgata cannot be reckoned or designated in terms of form, though he has form, he cannot be reckoned by feeling, though he experiences feeling, nor can he be reckoned by, or identified with, the aggregates of perceptions, preparations or consciousness. Now in order to make a reckoning, or a designation, there has to be a duality, a dichotomy. We had occasion to touch upon this normative tendency to dichotomize. By way of illustration we may refer to the fact that even the price of an article can be reckoned, so long as there is a vortex between supply and demand. There has to be some kind of vortex between two things, for there to be a designation. A vortex, or vañña, is an alternation between two things, a cyclic interrelation. A designation can come in only so long as there is such a cyclic process. Now the Tathàgata is free from this duality. We have pointed out that the dichotomy between consciousness and name-and-form is the saüsàric vortex. Let us refresh our memory of this vortex by alluding to a quotation from the Udàna which we brought up on an earlier occasion.
This, in fact, is a reference to the arahant. The vortex is between consciousness and name-and-form. By letting go of name-and-form, and realizing the state of a non-manifestative consciousness, the arahant has, in this very life, realized the cessation of existence, which amounts to a cessation of suffering as well. Though he continues to live on, he does not grasp any of those aggregates tenaciously. His consciousness does not get attached to name-and-form. That is why it is said that the vortex turns no more. To highlight this figure of the vortex, we can bring up another sig-nificant quotation from the Upàdànaparivaññasutta and the Sattañ-ñhànasutta of the Saüyutta Nikàya. Ye suvimuttà te kevalino, ye kevalino vaññaü tesaü n'atthi pa¤¤àpa-nàya.6 "Those who are fully released, are truly alone, and for them who are truly alone, there is no whirling round for purposes of designation". This statement might sound rather queer. The term kevalã occurs not only in the Saüyutta Nikàya, but in the Sutta Nipàta as well, with reference to the arahant. The commentary to the Sutta Nipàta, Paramat-thajotikà, gives the following definition to the term when it comes up in the Kasibhàradvàja Sutta: sabbaguõaparipuõõaü sabba-yogavisaüyuttaü và.7 According to the commentator, this term is used for the arahant in the sense that he is perfect in all virtues, or else that he is released from all bonds. But going by the implications of the word vañña, associated with it, we may say that the term has a deeper meaning. From the point of view of etymology, the word kevalã is suggestive of singularity, full integration, aloofness and solitude. We spoke of a letting go of name-and-form. The non-manifestative consciousness, released from name-and-form, is indeed symbolic of the arahant's singularity, wholeness, aloofness and solitude. In the following verse from the Dhammapada, which we had quoted earlier too, this release from name-and-form is well depicted.
We came across another significant reference to the same effect in the Màghasutta of the Sutta Nipàta.
This verse also makes it clear, that a freedom from ownings and attachments is implicit in the term kevalã. It has connotations of full integration and aloofness. The term kevala, therefore, is suggestive of the state of release from that vortex. If, for instance, a vortex in the ocean comes to cease, can one ask where the vortex has gone? It will be like asking where the extinguished fire has gone. One might say that the vortex has `joined' the ocean. But that, too, would not be a proper statement to make. From the very outset what in fact was there was the great ocean, so one cannot say that the vortex has gone somewhere, nor can one say that it is not gone. It is also incorrect to say that it has joined the ocean. A cessation of a vortex gives rise to such a problematic situation. So is this state called kevalã. What, in short, does it amount to? The vortex has now become the great ocean itself. That is the significance of the comparison of the emancipated one to the great ocean. The commentators do not seem to have paid sufficient attention to the implications of this simile. But when one thinks of the relation between the vortex and the ocean, it is as if the arahant has become one with the ocean. But this is only a turn of speech. In reality, the vortex is merely a certain pervert state of the ocean itself. That perversion is now no more. It has ceased. It is because of that perversion that there was a manifestation of suffering. The cessation of suffering could therefore be compared to the cessation of the vortex, leaving only the great ocean as it is. Only so long as there is a whirling vortex can we point out a `here' and a `there'. In the vast ocean, boundless as it is, where there is a vortex, or an eddy, we can point it out with a `here' or a `there'. Even so, in the case of the saüsàric individual, as long as the whirling round is going on in the form of the vortex, there is a possibility of designation or appellation as `so-and-so'. But once the vortex has ceased, there is actually nothing to identify with, for purposes of designation. The most one can say about it, is to refer to it as the place where a vortex has ceased. Such is the case with the Tathàgata too. Freedom from the duality is for him release from the vortex itself. We have explained on a previous occasion how a vortex comes to be10. A current of water, trying to go against the mainstream, when its attempt is foiled, in clashing with the mainstream, gets thrown off and pushed back, but turns round to go whirling and whirling as a whirlpool. This is not the norm. This is something abnormal. Here is a perversion resulting from an attempt to do the impossible. This is how a thing called `a vortex' comes to be. The condition of the saüsàric being is somewhat similar. What we are taught as the four `perversions' in the Dhamma, describe these four pervert attitudes of a saüsàric being.
The saüsàric individual tries to forge ahead in existence, misled by these four pervert views. The result of that attempt is the vortex between consciousness and name-and-form, a recurrent process of whirling round and round. Because of this process of whirling round, as in a vortex, there is an unreality about this world. What for us appears as the true and real state of the world, the Buddha declares to be false and unreal. We have already quoted on an earlier occasion the verse from the Dvayatànupassanàsutta of the Sutta Nipàta, which clearly illustrates this point.
What the world entrenched in name-and-form takes to be real, it seems is unreal, according to this verse. This idea is reinforced by the following refrain-like phrase in the Uragasutta of the Sutta Nipàta: Sabbaü vitatham idan'ti ¤atvà loke,12 "knowing that everything in this world is not `such'". We have referred to the special significance of the Uragasutta on several occasions.13 That discourse enjoins a giving up of everything, like the sloughing off of a worn-out skin by a serpent. Now a serpent sheds its worn-out skin by understanding that it is no longer the real skin. Similarly, one has to understand that everything in the world is not `such'. Tathà is "such". Whatever is `as-it-is', is yathàbhåta. To be `as-it-is', is to be `such'. What is not `as-it-is', is ayathà or vitatha, "unsuch" or "not such", that is to say, unreal. It seems, therefore, that the vortex whirling between consciousness and name-and-form, in the case of saüsàric beings, is something not `such'. It is not the true state of affairs in the world. To be free from this aberration, this unreal state of duality, is to be an arahant. The three unskilful mental states of greed, hate and delusion are the outcome of this duality itself. So long as the whirling goes on, there is friction manifesting itself, sometimes as greed and sometimes as hate. Delusion impels and propels both. It is just one current of water that goes whirling round and round, bringing about friction and conflict. This interplay between consciousness and name-and-form is actually a pervert state, abnormal and unreal. To be a Tathàgata is a return to reality and suchness, from this unreal, unsuch, pervert state. We happened to mention earlier that the term Tathàgata was already current among ascetics of other sects. But it is not in the same sense that the Buddha used this term. For those of other sects, the term Tathàgata carried with it the prejudice of a soul or a self, even if it purported to represent the ideal of emancipation. But in this dispensation, the Tathàgata is defined differently. Tathà, "even so", "thus", is the correlative of yathà, "just as", "in whatever way". At whatever moment it becomes possible to say that `as is the ocean, so is the vortex now', then, it is the state of tathàgata. The vortex originated by deviating from the course of the main stream of the ocean. But if an individual, literally so-called, gave up such pervert attitudes, as seeing permanence in what is impermanent, if he got rid of the four perversions by the knowledge and insight into things as-they-are, then he comes to be known as a Tathàgata. He is a "thus gone", in the sense that, as is the norm of the world, `thus' he is now. There is also an alternative explanation possible, etymologically. Tathatà is a term for the law of dependent arising.14 It means "thusness" or "suchness". This particular term, so integral to the understanding of the significance of pañicca samuppàda, or "dependent arising", is almost relegated to the limbo in our tradition. Tathàgata could therefore be alternatively explained as a return to that `thusness' or `suchness', by comprehending it fully. In this sense, the derivation of the term could be explained analytically as tatha + àgata. Commentators, too, sometimes go for this etymology, though not exactly in this sense15. According to this idea of a return to the true state of suchness, we may say that there is neither an increase nor a decrease in the ocean, when a vortex ceases. Why? Because what was found both inside the vortex and outside of it was simply water. So is the case with the saüsàric individual. What we have to say from here onwards, regarding this saüsàric individual, is directly relevant to meditation. As we mentioned on an earlier occasion, the four elements, earth, water, fire and air, are to be found both internally and externally. In the MahàHatthipadopama Sutta of the Majjhima Nikàya we come across a way of reflection that leads to insight in the following instruction. Yà c' eva kho pana ajjhattikà pañhavidhàtu, yà ca bàhirà pañhavi-dhàtu, pañhavidhàtur ev' esà. Taü n' etaü mama, n' eso 'haü asmi, na meso attà 'ti evam etaü yathàbhåtaü sammappa¤¤àya daññhabbaü. 16 "Now whatever earth element that is internal, and whatever earth element that is external, both are simply earth element. That should be seen as it is with right wisdom thus: `this is not mine, this I am not, this is not my self.'" The implication is that this so-called individual, or person, is in fact a vortex, formed out of the same kind of primary elements that obtain outside of it. So then, the whole idea of an individual or a person is a mere perversion. The notion of individuality in saüsàric beings is comparable to the apparent individuality of a vortex. It is only a pretence. That is why it is called asmimàna, the "conceit `am'". In truth and fact, it is only a conceit. This should be clear when one reflects on how the pure air gets caught up into this vortex as an in-breath, only to be ejected after a while as a foul out-breath. Portions of primary elements, predominating in earth and water, get involved with this vortex as food and drink, to make a few rounds within, only to be exuded as dirty excreta and urine. This way, one can understand the fact that what is actually there is only a certain delimitation or measuring as `internal' and `external'. What sustains this process of measuring or reckoning is the duality - the notion that there are two things. So then, the supreme deliverance in this dispensation is release from this duality. Release from this duality is at the same time release from greed and hate. Ignorance is a sort of going round, in a winding pattern, as in the case of a coil. Each round seems so different from the previous one, a peculiar novelty arising out of the forgetting or ignoring trait, characteristic of ignorance. However much one suffers in one life cycle, when one starts another life cycle with a new birth, one is in a new world, in a new form of existence. The sufferings in the previous life cycle are almost forgotten. The vast cycle of saüsàra, this endless faring round in time and space, is like a vortex. The vortical interplay between consciousness and name-and-form has the same background of ignorance. In fact, it is like the seed of the entire process. A disease is diagnosed by the characteristics of the germ. Even so, the Buddha pointed out, that the basic principle underlying the saüsàric vortex is traceable to the vortical interplay between consciousness and name-and-form, going on within our minds. This germinal vortex, between consciousness and name-and-form, is an extremely subtle one that eludes the limitations of both time and space. This, indeed, is the timeless principle inherent in the law of pañicca samuppàda, or "dependent arising". Therefore, the solution to the whole problem lies in the understanding of this law of dependent arising. We have mentioned on a previous occasion that the saïkhata, or the "prepared", becomes asaïkhata, or the "unprepared", by the very understanding of the `prepared' nature of the saïkhata. 17 The reason is that the prepared appears to be `so', due to the lack of understanding of its composite and prepared nature. This might well appear a riddle. The faring round in saüsàra is the result of ignorance. That is why final deliverance is said to be brought about by wisdom in this dispensation. All in all, one extremely important fact emerges from this discussion, namely the fact that the etymology attributed to the term Tathàgata by the Buddha is highly significant. It effectively explains why he refused to answer the tetralemma concerning the after death state of the Tathàgata. When a vortex has ceased, it is problematic whether it has gone somewhere or joined the great ocean. Similarly, there is a problem of identity in the case of a Tathàgata, even when he is living. This simile of the ocean gives us a clue to a certain much-vexed riddle-like discourse on Nibbàna. Many of those scholars, who put forward views on Nibbàna with an eternalist bias, count on the Pahàràdasutta found among the Eights of the Aïguttara Nikàya. 18 In fact, that discourse occurs in the Vinaya Cåëavagga and in the Udàna as well. 19 In the Pahàràdasutta, the Buddha gives a sustained simile, explaining eight marvellous qualities of this dispensation to the asura king Pahàràda, by comparing them to eight marvels of the great ocean. The fifth marvellous quality is stated as follows: Seyyathàpi, Pahàràda, yà kàci loke savantiyo mahàsamuddam ap-penti, yà kàci antalikkhà dhàrà papatanti, na tena mahàsamuddassa ånattaü và pårattaü và pa¤¤àyati, evam eva kho, Pahàràda, bahå ce pi bhikkhå anupàdisesàya nibbànadhàtuyà parinibbàyanti, na tena nibbànadhàtuyà ånattaü và pårattaü va pa¤¤àyati. 20 "Just as, Pahàràda, however many rivers of the world may flow into the great ocean and however much torrential downpours may fall on it from the sky, no decrease or increase is apparent in the great ocean, even so, Pahàràda, although many monks may attain parinibbàna in the Nibbàna element without residual clinging, thereby no decrease or increase is apparent in the Nibbàna element." Quite a number of scholars draw upon this passage when they put forward the view that arahants, after their death, find some place of refuge which never gets overcrowded. It is a ridiculous idea, utterly misconceived. It is incompatible with this Dhamma, which rejects both eternalist and annihilationist views. Such ideas seem to have been put forward due to a lack of appreciation of the metaphorical significance of this particular discourse and a disregard for the implications of this comparison of the arahant to the great ocean, in point of his suchness or tathatà. In the light of these facts, we have to conclude that Nibbàna is actually the truth, and that saüsàra is a mere perversion. That is why the Dvayatànupassanàsutta, from which we have quoted earlier too, is fundamentally important. It says that what the world takes as the truth, that the ariyans have seen with wisdom as untruth.
The truth of this profound declaration by the Buddha could be seen in these deeper dimensions of the meaning of tathatà. By way of further clarification of what we have already stated about the Tathàgata and the mode of answering those questions about his after death state, we may now take up the Anuràdhasutta of the Saüyutta Nikàya, which is of paramount importance in this issue. According to this discourse, when the Buddha was once dwelling in the gabled hall in Vesalã, a monk named Anuràdha was living in a hut in a jungle close by. One day he was confronted with a situation, which shows that even a forest dwelling monk cannot afford to ignore questions like this. A group of wandering ascetics of other sects approached him and, seated in front of him, made this pronouncement, as if to see his response. Yo so, àvuso Anuràdha, tathàgato uttamapuriso paramapuriso paramapattipatto, taü tathàgataü imesu catåsu ñhànesu pa¤¤àpaya-màno pa¤¤àpeti: ``Hoti tathàgato paraü maraõà 'ti và `na hoti tathàgato paraü maraõà 'ti và `hoti ca na ca hoti tathàgato paraü maraõà 'ti và `neva hoti na na hoti tathàgato paraü maraõà 'ti và . 22 "Friend Anuràdha, as to that Tathàgata, the highest person, the supreme person, the one who has attained the supreme state, in des-ignating him one does so in terms of these four propositions: `the Tathàgata exists after death', `the Tathàgata does not exist after death', `the Tathàgata both exists and does not exist after death', `the Tathàgata neither exists nor does not exist after death'." What those ascetics of other sects wanted to convey, was that the state of the Tathàgata after death could be predicated only by one of these four propositions, constituting the tetralemma. But then Venerable Anuràdha made the following declaration, as if to repudiate that view: Yo so, àvuso, tathàgato uttamapuriso paramapuriso paramapat-tipatto, taü tathàgataü a¤¤atr'imehi catåhi ñhànehi pa¤¤àpayamàno pa¤¤àpeti. "Friends, as to that Tathàgata, the highest person, the supreme person, the one who has attained the supreme state, in designating him one does so apart from these four propositions." As soon as he made this statement, those ascetics of other sects made the derogatory remark: "This must be either a new-comer to the Order, just gone forth, or a foolish incompetent elder." With this insult, they got up and left, and Venerable Anuràdha fell to thinking: "If those wandering ascetics of other sects should question me further, how should I answer them creditably, so as to state what has been said by the Exalted One, and not to misrepresent him. How should I explain in keeping with the norm of Dhamma, so that there will be no justifiable occasion for impeachment." With this doubt in mind, he approached the Buddha and related the whole episode. The Buddha, however, instead of giving a short answer, led Venerable Anuràdha step by step to an understanding of the Dhamma, catechetically, by a wonderfully graded path. First of all, he convinced Venerable Anuràdha of the three characteristics of existence.
So also with regard to the other aggregates, the Buddha guided Venerable Anuràdha to the correct standpoint of the Dhamma, in this case by three steps, and this is the first step. He put aside the problem of the Tathàgata for a moment and highlighted the characteristic of not-self out of the three signata, thereby convincing Anuràdha that what is impermanent, suffering and subject to change, is not fit to be regarded as self. Now comes the second step, which is, more or less, a reflection leading to insight. Tasmà ti ha, Anuràdha, yaü ki¤ci råpam atãtànàgatapaccuppannam ajjhattaü và bahiddhà và oëàrikaü và sukhumaü và hãnaü và paõãtaü và, yaü dåre santike và, sabbaü råpaü `n' etaü mama, n' eso 'ham asmi, na meso attà 'ti evam etaü yathàbhåtaü sammappa¤¤àya daññhabbaü. Yà kàci vedanà atãtànàgatapaccuppannà ... yà kàci sa¤¤à ... ye keci saïkhàra... yaü ki¤ci vi¤¤àõaü atãtànàgatapaccuppannam ajjhattaü và bahiddhà và oëàrikaü và sukhumaü và hãnaü và paõãtaü và, yaü dåre santike và, sabbaü vi¤¤àõaü `n' etaü mama, n' eso 'ham asmi, na meso attà 'ti evam etaü yathàbhåtaü sammappa¤¤àya daññhabbaü. Evaü passaü, Anuràdha, sutavà ariyasàvako råpasmim pi nib-bindati, vedanàya pi nibbindati, sa¤¤àya pi nibbindati, saïkhàresu pi nibbindati, vi¤¤àõasmim pi nibbindati. Nibbindaü virajjati, viràgà vimuccati, vimuttasmiü vimuttam iti ¤àõaü hoti: `khãõà jàti vusitaü brahmacariyaü, kataü karaõãyaü, nàparam itthattàyà'ti pajànàti. "Therefore, Anuràdha, any kind of form whatsoever, whether past, future or present, internal or external, gross or subtle, inferior or superior, far or near, all form should be seen as it really is, with right wisdom thus: `This is not mine, this I am not, this is not my self'. Any kind of feeling whatsoever, whether past, future or present ... any kind of perception ... any kind of preparations ... any kind of consciousness whatsoever, whether past, future or present, internal or external, gross or subtle, inferior or superior, far or near, all consciousness should be seen as it really is, with right wisdom thus: `This is not mine, this I am not, this is not my self'. Seeing thus, Anuràdha, the instructed noble disciple gets disgusted of form, gets disgusted of feeling, gets disgusted of perception, gets disgusted of preparations, gets disgusted of consciousness. With disgust, he becomes dispassionate, through dispassion his mind is liberated, when it is liberated, there comes the knowledge `it is liberated' and he understands: `Extinct is birth, lived is the holy life, done is what is to be done, there is no more of this state of being'." Here the Buddha is presenting a mode of reflection that culminates in arahant-hood. If one is prepared to accept the not-self standpoint, then what one has to do, is to see with right wisdom all the five aggregates as not-self in a most comprehensive manner. This is the second step. Now, as the third step, the Buddha sharply addresses a series of questions to Venerable Anuràdha, to judge how he would determine the relation of the Tathàgata, or the emancipated one, to the five aggregates. "What do you think, Anuràdha, do you regard form as the Tathàgata?" "No, venerable sir." "Do you regard feeling ... perception ... preparations ... consciousness as the Tathàgata?" "No, venerable sir." "What do you think, Anuràdha, do you regard the Tathàgata as in form?" "No, venerable sir." "Do you regard the Tathàgata as apart from form?" "No, venerable sir." "Do you regard the Tathàgata as in feeling?" "No, venerable sir." "Do you regard the Tathàgata as apart from feeling?" "No, venerable sir." "Do you regard the Tathàgata as in perception?" "No, venerable sir." "Do you regard the Tathàgata as apart from perception?" "No, venerable sir." "Do you regard the Tathàgata as in preparations?" "No, venerable sir." "Do you regard the Tathàgata as apart from preparations?" "No, venerable sir." "Do you regard the Tathàgata as in consciousness?" "No, venerable sir." "Do you regard the Tathàgata as apart from consciousness?" "No, venerable sir." "What do you think, Anuràdha, do you regard the Tathàgata as one who is without form, without feeling, without perception, without preparations, without consciousness?" "No, venerable sir." When Venerable Anuràdha gives negative answers to all these four modes of questions, the Buddha draws the inevitable conclusion that accords with the Dhamma. `Ettha ca te, Anuràdha, diññheva dhamme saccato thetato tathàgate anupalabbhiyamàne, kallaü nu te taü veyyàkaraõaü: `Yo so, àvuso, tathàgato uttamapuriso paramapuriso paramapattipatto, taü tathàgataü a¤¤atr'imehi catåhi ñhànehi pa¤¤àpayamàno pa¤¤àpeti'?' `No hetaü bhante.' "So then, Anuràdha, when for you a Tathàgata is not to be found in truth and fact here in this very life, is it fitting for you to declare, as you did: `Friends, as to the Tathàgata, the highest person, the supreme person, the one who has attained the supreme state, in designating him one does so apart from these four propositions'?" "No, venerable sir." This conclusion, namely that the Tathàgata is not to be found in truth and fact even in this very life, is one that drives terror into many who are steeped in the craving for existence. But this, it seems, is the upshot of the catechism. The rebuke of the wandering ascetics is justifiable, because the tetralemma exhausts the universe of discourse and there is no way out. The Buddha's reproof of Anuràdha amounts to an admission that even here and now the Tathàgata does not exist in truth and fact, not to speak of his condition hereafter. When Anuràdha accepts this position, the Buddha expresses his approbation with the words: Sàdhu, sàdhu, Anuràdha, pubbe càham Anuràdha etarahi ca duk-kha¤ceva pa¤¤àpemi dukkhassa ca nirodhaü. "Good, good, Anuràdha, formerly as well as now I make known just suffering and the cessation of suffering." This declaration makes it clear that the four noble truths are the teaching proper and that terms like Tathàgata, satta and pugala are mere concepts. No doubt, this is a disconcerting revelation. So let us see, whether there is any possibility of salvaging the Tathàgata. Now there is the word upalabbhati occurring in this context, which is supposed to be rather ambiguous. In fact, some prefer to render it in such a way as to mean the Tathàgata does exist, only that he cannot be traced. Tathàgata, it seems, exists in truth and fact, though one cannot find him. This is the way they get round the difficulty. But then, let us examine some of the contexts in which the word occurs, to see whether there is a case for such an interpretation. A clear-cut instance of the usage of this expression comes in the Vajirà Sutta of the Saüyutta Nikàya. The arahant nun Vajirà addresses the following challenge to Màra:
The context as well as the tone makes it clear that the word upalabbhati definitely means "not to be found", not that there is a being but one cannot find it. We may take up another instance from the Puràbhedasutta of the Sutta Nipàta, where the theme is the arahant.
The words attaü and nirattaü are suggestive of the dichotomy from which the arahant is free. The context unmistakeably proves that the expression na upalabbhati means "not to be found". All this goes to show that the Buddha set aside the four questions forming the tetralemma not because they are irrelevant from the point of view of Nibbàna, despite the fact that he could have answered them. That is to say, not that he could not, but that he would not. How can one say that the question of an arahant's after death state is totally irrelevant? So that is not the reason. The reason is that the questions are misleading. Those who posed these questions had the presumption that the word Tathàgata implied a truly existing being or a person. But the Buddha pointed out that the concept of a being or a person is fallacious. Though it is fallacious, for the worldling living in an illusory unreal world, it has its place as a relative reality. Due to the very fact that it is grasped, it is binding on him. Therefore, when a worldling uses such terms as `I' and `mine', or a `being' and a `person', it is not a mere way of expression. It is a level of reality proper to the worldling's scale of values. But for the arahants, who have reached the state of suchness, it is a mere concept. In fact, it becomes a mere concept in the context of the simile of the vortex and the ocean. That is to say, in the case of the arahants, their five aggregates resemble the flotsam and jetsam on the surface waters of a vortex already ceased at its depth. On seeing the Buddha and the arahants, one might still say, as a way of saying, `here is the Buddha', `here are the arahants'. For the Buddha, the concept of a `being' is something incompatible with his teaching from beginning to end. But for the nonce he had to use it, as is evident from many a discourse. The expression aññha ariyapuggalà, "the eight noble persons", in-cludes the arahant as well. Similarly in such contexts as the Aggap-pasàdasutta, the term satta is used indiscriminately, giving way to conventional usage. Yàvatà, bhikkhave, sattà apadà va dipadà và catuppadà và bahuppadà và råpino và aråpino và sa¤¤ino và asa¤¤ino và nevasa¤¤inàsa¤¤ino và, tathàgato tesaü aggamakkhàyati arahaü sammàsambuddho. 25 "Monks, whatever kinds of beings there be, whether footless or two-footed, or four-footed, or many footed, with form or formless, percipient or non-percipient, or neither-percipient-nor-non-percipient, among them the Tathàgata, worthy and fully awakened, is called supreme". Although the term satta occurs there, it is only by way of worldly parlance. In truth and fact, however, there is no `being' as such. In a previous sermon we happened to mention a new etymology given by the Buddha to the term loka, or "world". 26 In the same way, he advanced a new etymology for the term satta. As mentioned in the Ràdhasaüyutta of the Saüyutta Nikàya, Venerable Ràdha once posed the following question to the Buddha: `Satto, satto 'ti, bhante, vuccati.. Kittàvatà nu kho, bhante, `satto 'ti vuccati? 27 "Venerable sir, it is said `a being', `a being'. To what extent can one be called `a being'."
Råpe ... vedanàya ... sa¤¤àya ... saïkhàresu ... vi¤¤àõe kho, Ràdha, yo chando yo ràgo yà nandã yà taõhà, tatra satto, tatra visatto, tasmà `satto 'ti vuccati. "Ràdha, that desire, that lust, that delight, that craving in form ... feeling ... perception ... preparations ... consciousness, with which one is attached and thoroughly attached to it, therefore is one called a `being'." Here the Buddha is punning on the word satta, which has two meanings, a `being' and `the one attached'. The etymology attributed to that word by the Buddha brings out in sharp relief the attachment as well, whereas in his redefinition of the term loka, he followed an etymology that stressed the disintegrating nature of the world. 28 Satto visatto, tasmà `satto 'ti vuccati, "attached, thoroughly attached, therefore is one called a `being'". Having given this new definition, the Buddha follows it up with a scintillating simile. "Suppose, Ràdha, some little boys and girls are playing with sand castles. So long as their lust, desire, love, thirst, passion and craving for those things have not gone away, they remain fond of them, they play with them, treat them as their property and call them their own. But when, Ràdha, those little boys and girls have outgrown that lust, desire, love, thirst, passion and craving for those sand castles, they scatter them with their hands and feet, demolish them, dismantle them and render them unplayable."
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